{"id":1262,"date":"2023-05-30T17:19:55","date_gmt":"2023-05-30T17:19:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fipp.creol.ucf.edu\/?page_id=1262"},"modified":"2025-08-29T15:43:09","modified_gmt":"2025-08-29T15:43:09","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1262\" class=\"elementor elementor-1262\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_ae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2536da3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default ae-bg-gallery-type-default\" data-id=\"2536da3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column 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class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Publications<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1265\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/research\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Research<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1953\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/laboratories\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Laboratories<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1954\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/femtosecond\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Femtosecond<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1956\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/picosecond\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Picosecond<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1955\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/nanosecond\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Nanosecond<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1957\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/co2\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">CO2 Lab Equipment<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1958\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/2pa-microscopy\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">2PA Microscopy<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1959\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/chemical-preparation\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Chemical Preparation<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1960\"><a href=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/additional-equipment\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Additional Equipment<\/a><\/li>\n<li 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Us<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7768b27 ae-bg-gallery-type-default\" data-id=\"7768b27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61f8047 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"61f8047\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229389c elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"229389c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">White-light continuum Z-scan<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3621\"><p>We have developed a new technique for the rapid measurement of the degenerate nonlinear absorption spectrum and the dispersion of the nonlinear refraction. We refer to this method as a white-light continuum (WLC) Z-scan [1]. In this method, a high energy, broadband femtosecond WLC generated from loosely focusing into a hollow chamber filled with pressurized noble gas is used to replace the single wavelength source (OPG\/OPA) conventionally used in Z-scan experiments [2].<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"314\" class=\"img-fluid alignnone wp-image-2034 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Z-scan1.jpg\" alt=\"White-light continuum Z-scan\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Z-scan1.jpg 700w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Z-scan1-300x135.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p><p>To distinguish the degenerate nonlinear response from the non-degenerate nonlinear contribution, we spectrally separate the WLC wavelengths by using narrow band pass interference filters (NBFs). These NBFs are placed on a computer controlled motorized filter wheel.<\/p><p>Recently, we have shown that a weak seed pulse (1 \u00b5J compared to a 400 \u00b5J, 775 nm pump pulse) can enhance the white light spectrum by nearly 4 times [3]. This enhanced spectrum extends our wavelength range from below 400nm to greater than 1000nm using the WLC as a pump source. For more info, see Ref. [3] and\/or conference proceedings for T.R. Ensley et al. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (2011).<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"282\" class=\"img-fluid alignnone wp-image-2035 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Z-scan2.jpg\" alt=\"Z-scan 2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Z-scan2.jpg 700w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Z-scan2-300x121.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/p><p>[1] M. Balu et al. Journal of Optical Society of America B 25, 159-165 (2008).<br \/>[2] M. Sheik-Bahae et al. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 26, 760-769 (1990).<br \/>[3] T.R. Ensley et al. Optics Express 19, 757-763 (2011).<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Plasmonic Enhancement of Third-order Nonlinear Optical Responses<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3622\"><p>Our group is investigating the field enhancing potential of various nanostructures, from spherical and rod-shaped particles to more complex geometries in a number of different host materials for enhanced all-optical switching and optical limiting\u00a0applications.<\/p><p>Noble metal nanostructures have been the subject of intensive research due to their inherent field enhancing capabilities in the spectral vicinity of plasmonic resonances. These resonances arise naturally from the geometrical confinement of large densities of radiatively excitable free electrons, inducing large electric fields and strong field gradients which can be exploited for numerous applications. These include Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) as the most prominent candidate, fluorescence enhancement from molecules, and enhanced generation of higher harmonics. Following this trend, there is great interest in enhancing third order nonlinearities such as two-photon absorption (2PA) and Kerr-like nonlinear refraction (NLR) for enhanced all-optical switching and optical limiting applications.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"201\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2039 img-fluid alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic1.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic1.jpg 201w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic1-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 201px) 100vw, 201px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2031 img-fluid alignnone\" style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic2.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic2.jpg 200w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2040 img-fluid alignnone\" style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic3.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic3.jpg 200w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic3-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/p><h3><span style=\"color: #cc9900;\">Enhanced Nonlinearities<\/span><\/h3><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"324\" class=\"img-fluid wp-image-2032 size-full alignright\" style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic4.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic4.jpg 400w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic4-300x243.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/p><p>When suspended in host materials which possess<\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\">\u00a0a pronounced nonlinear optical response, the field enhancing<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\">\u00a0character of the nanostructures will act as an amplifier for the intrinsic nonlinear response when both are resonantly excited. For instance, the plasmon resonance of silver nanospheres at 450nm spectrally overlaps the 2PA band of carbon disulfide (CS<\/span><sub>2<\/sub><span style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\">) between\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p>350nm and 500nm, yielding a significant increase in the 2PA cross section relative to the value of pure CS<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p><p>More complex systems involve organic molecules being chemically attached to metal nanostructures, thus facilitating the enhancement by placing the active material into hot <span style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\">spots of the electric field distribution. Other samples involve the deposition of 2PA\u2019ing materials (dyes, semiconductors, quantum dots) onto e-beam lithographically written samples.<\/span><\/p><h3><span style=\"color: #cc9900;\">Transient Behavior<\/span><\/h3><p>Under strong irradiation plasmonic structures tend to exhibit a saturable absorption behavior, which is caused by an increase in the electron-electron scattering and a subsequent broadening of the plasmonic resonance. Using pump and probe techniques we are able to monitor this transient change in absorption with resolutions of down to fractions of a picosecond. On longer time scales various acoustic modes, so called breathing modes, are observable.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"313\" class=\"img-fluid alignnone wp-image-2033 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic5.jpg\" alt=\"Plasmonic Enhancement of Third-order Nonlinear Optical Responses\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic5.jpg 750w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Plasmonic5-300x125.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Semiconductor nonlinearities in the IR<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3623\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Nonlinear materials for optical limiting<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3624\"><p>An interesting phenomenon of photochromic materials is that they can be reversibly transformed from a colorless form to a colored form by exciting with UV light. To widely apply this transformation property to optical limiting or optical switching, we attempt to achieve the transformation with visible light or even IR. One method is to make use of a nonlinear effect such as two photon absorption (2PA). But photochromic molecules usually don\u2019t have large 2PA cross section. So we try to make the transition through mixing them with 2PA dyes which transfer the energy from the 2PA dyes to photochromic molecules through fluorescence (FRET).<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_2027\" style=\"max-width: 350px;\" class=\"figure\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"197\" class=\"figure-img img-fluid w-100 wp-image-2027 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism1.jpg\" alt=\"Measurement of the transformation of a photochromic molecule with a UV laser diode and Ocean Optics spectrometer\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism1.jpg 350w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism1-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Measurement of the transformation of a photochromic molecule with a UV laser diode and Ocean Optics spectrometer<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure id=\"attachment_2028\" style=\"max-width: 350px;\" class=\"figure\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"253\" class=\"figure-img img-fluid w-100 wp-image-2028 size-full\" style=\"font-weight: bold; font-size: 0.875rem;\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism2.jpg\" alt=\"Pump-probe set up for the transformation dynamics of a photochromic molecule\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism2.jpg 350w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism2-300x217.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Pump-probe set up for the transformation dynamics of a photochromic molecule.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>This work is in collaboration with Soreq NRC in Israel, Interdisciplinary Center of Nonoscience CINaM in France, and the Department of Chemistry in Ben-Gurion University of Negev in Israel. Our work includes the characterization of photochromic materials, 2PA dyes, Forster Energy Transfer (FRET) measurements, and modeling the transformation and limiting processes.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_2029\" style=\"max-width: 350px;\" class=\"figure\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"286\" class=\"figure-img img-fluid w-100 wp-image-2029 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism3.jpg\" alt=\"Fast dynamics of SPO1 transformed from colorless form (closed form) to colored form (open form)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism3.jpg 350w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism3-300x245.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Fast dynamics of SPO1 transformed from colorless form (closed form) to colored form (open form)<\/figcaption><\/figure><div>\u00a0<\/div><div><figure id=\"attachment_2030\" style=\"max-width: 300px;\" class=\"figure\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"237\" class=\"figure-img img-fluid w-100 wp-image-2030 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism4-300x237.jpg\" alt=\"Demonstration of Forster Energy Transfer (FRET) from a 2PA dye to a photochromic molecule (PC)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism4-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/Photochromism4.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"figure-caption\">Demonstration of Forster Energy Transfer (FRET) from a 2PA dye to a photochromic molecule (PC)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">NLO BPM<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3625\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3625\"><h3><span style=\"color: #cc9900;\">Software Tool for Modeling of Laser Pulse Propagation Through Bulk Nonlinear Media<\/span><\/h3><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"290\" class=\"img-fluid wp-image-2024 size-medium alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/BPM1-300x290.jpg\" alt=\"Software Tool for Modeling of Laser Pulse Propagation Through Bulk Nonlinear Media\" srcset=\"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/BPM1-300x290.jpg 300w, https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/BPM1.jpg 540w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/nlo.creol.ucf.edu\/images\/NLO_BPM.zip\">Download here<\/a><\/p><h3><span style=\"color: #cc9900;\">Main Features<\/span><\/h3><p>This software tool consists of a set of codes as well as a graphical user interface (GUI) used for simulation of high-energy laser pulse propagation through an optical system that contains one nonlinear optical element. Figure 1 shows the typical layout of such a system. The GUI was developed for a Windows 95\/NT operating system although the codes can be run without GUI under DOS and UNIX as well. The program also allows modeling of free-space propagation and Gaussian beam (ABCD) propagation. A description of some of the characterization techniques and theoretical understanding of the modeled nonlinearities is presented in Refs. [1-3,7]. The computational methods are reviewed in Refs. [8-9]. The spatial shape of the input beam can be chosen to be either Gaussian or top hat (Super-Gaussian of high order). The temporal shape of the beam is considered to be Gaussian. The types of nonlinearities included are instantaneous (Kerr-like refractive index change, n<sub>2<\/sub>, and two-photon absorption, 2PA &#8211; b) and cumulative (excited states absorption and refraction and thermal refraction). Thermal nonlinearities are described in Ref. [7] and can include the transient acoustic wave generated by absorption.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"359\" height=\"245\" class=\"img-fluid alignnone wp-image-2025 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/BPM2.gif\" alt=\"Typical experimental layout for the nonlinear propagation calculation\" \/><\/p><div><p>Figure 1: Typical experimental layout for the nonlinear propagation calculation. All distances are measured from the input lens. ls is the distance to the sample, lo.l. the distance to the second lens and ldet is the distance to the detector. If lo.l is set equal to zero, the second lens is removed.<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #cc9900; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.45rem; font-weight: 600;\">Working with the GUI<\/span><\/p><\/div><p>The set of input parameters used by the program is stored in two separate log files. One file contains the information about the system parameters (the geometry of the optical system as well as the input beam parameters) while the second one contains the parameters of the nonlinear sample. The files are ASCII text files and designed to be in a specific format (the list of the variables names, values and brief descriptions of their meaning are included). Log files can be edited by the user. In order to do this one has to open them in any Editor (Notepad, Wordpad etc.) and change the values of the variables only. They can also be changed through the GUI.<\/p><p>The program can also provide a set of output files (ASCII files) for later reviewing with some plotting software.<\/p><h3><span style=\"color: #cc9900;\">Mode<\/span><\/h3><p>Mode must be defined before the running the program. There are five options:<\/p><ol><li>Single \u2013 single propagation through the system (default)<\/li><li>Linear \u2013 free-space propagation through the system (nonlinear properties of the sample are ignored)<\/li><li>ABCD \u2013 Gaussian propagation (analytical using ABCD method)<\/li><li>Z-scan \u2013 multiple propagation for different input positions of the sample (model of the typical Z-scan experiment)<\/li><li>Limiting \u2013 multiple propagation for different values of input energy (model of the typical limiting experiment)<\/li><\/ol><h3><span style=\"color: #cc9900;\">Options<\/span><\/h3><p>Run-time Plots<\/p><ul><li>The information on field distribution as well as nonlinear susceptibility distribution inside the sample can be viewed in real time (but this can slow down the program).<\/li><li>Population density of the first (second) level is used only for excited state nonlinearity. For nanosecond pulses it is the density of levels S1 and T0 (see Figure 2). For picosecond pulses \u2013 density of the levels S0 and S1 is displayed.<\/li><li>Index change is used only for a thermal nonlinearity and represents the refractive index change due to the thermal effect.<\/li><li>Temperature change is used only for a thermal nonlinearity.<\/li><li>Fluence change can be used either with excited states or thermal nonlinearities.<\/li><li>Irradiance and Phase \u2013 show the irradiance and phase (wrapped) distribution inside the sample for each time slice of the pulse.<\/li><li>Absorption and Refraction \u2013 show the overall absorption and refractive index change inside the medium for the current pulse slice.<\/li><\/ul><h3><span style=\"color: #cc9900;\">Input Parameters<\/span><\/h3><p>System Parameters: Geometry of the system (if distance to the output lens is set to be zero \u2013 the output is viewed without the second lens) and the input beam parameters (no input phase information so far)<\/p><p>Sample Parameters: Thickness of the sample as well as linear and nonlinear susceptibility, and cross sections for excited state absorption and refraction. If excited state nonlinearity is chosen, the level structure defining the parameters is given in Fig. 2.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"208\" class=\"img-fluid alignnone wp-image-2026 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2025\/08\/BPM3.gif\" alt=\"Five-level system for excited state absorption calculations\" \/><\/p><div><div>Figure 2 Five-level system for excited state absorption calculations<\/div><\/div><p>Input From File \u2013 if the desired sample log file already exists simply type its path in the provided dialog (it can also be viewed before pressing the Enter button).<\/p><p>Input From Dialog \u2013 if the desired sample log file does not exist the user can define the values of all the sample parameters manually by typing them in the dialog provided. The desired nonlinearity has to be chosen first and then after pressing the View button one can type all the values for the constants stored in log files.<\/p><p>Advanced Parameters: Information about the propagation step sizes range, size of the data window BPM algorithm etc. (for advanced users only)<\/p><h3><span style=\"color: #cc9900;\">Output Parameters<\/span><\/h3><p>Output Files Parameters: There are two types of output files 1D (for the one dimensional data \u2013 y(x) ) and 2D (two dimensional data \u2013 matrix z(x,y)).<\/p><ul><li>Output Files Path \u2013 select the directory to put the output files (by default the working directory is chosen).<\/li><li>Field Distribution \u2013 output files will be produced for the field distribution at each plane of the system as well as inside the sample).<\/li><li>Nonlinear Parameters \u2013 output files will be produced for the absorption, refraction, etc. inside the sample.<\/li><\/ul><p>If modeling the Z-scan (Z-scan) or limiting (Limiting) experiments a few additional 1D files will be created.<\/p><h3><span style=\"color: #cc9900;\">Warning<\/span><\/h3><p>The program you are about to use is still in the stage of developing and testing. It contains bugs that might affect the normal operation of your computer system. It is recommended to try this program under Windows NT 4.0, since it has a way to kill the process if it &#8220;hangs&#8221; and is generally quite stable. GUI part of the program is being constantly tested and updated, so any bug report (or just advice) would be highly appreciated. The numerical part of the program is not protected from the &#8220;wrong&#8221; data input and therefore might cause an unexpected exception or error message to show or operating system to &#8220;hang&#8221;. In this case try to exit the program using the buttons Stop and Exit and in case of failure \u2013 kill the process. The more stable and complete version of this program is expected to be available by summer (SPIE Annual Meeting in San Diego when it will be presented).<\/p><h3><span style=\"color: #cc9900;\">References<\/span><\/h3><ol><li>&#8220;Application of Nonlinear Optics to Passive Optical Limiting&#8221;, E. W. Van Stryland, D. J. Hagan, T. Xia, and A. Said, pp 841-860, in Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecular and Polymeric Materials, ed. H. S. Nalwa and S. Miyata, CRC Press Boca Raton (1997).<\/li><li>&#8220;Characterization and Modeling of Nonlinear Optical Absorption and Refraction&#8221;, E. W. Van Stryland, M. Sheik-Bahae and D. J. Hagan, in Nonlinear and Quantum Optics, ed. N. Bloembergen, pp. 527-578, Research Trends in Physics Series, Institute for Advanced Studies Press, 1997.<\/li><li>&#8220;Introduction to Ultrafast and Cumulative Nonlinear Absorption and Refraction&#8221;, E. W. Van Stryland, in Beam shaping and control with nonlinear optics, Eds. F. Kajzar and R. Reinisch, Plenum, p. 39, New York 1998.<\/li><li>&#8220;Determination of Bound and Free-Carrier Nonlinearities in ZnSe, GaAs, CdTe, and ZnTe&#8221;, A. A. Said, M. Sheik-Bahae, D. J. Hagan, T. H. Wei, J. Wang, J. Young and E. W. Van Stryland, JOSA B, 9, 405-414 (1992).<\/li><li>&#8220;Third and Fifth Order Optical Nonlinearities in Organic Materials&#8221;, A. A. Said, C. Wamsley, D. J. Hagan, E. W. Van Stryland, B. A. Reinherdt, P. Roderer, and A.G. Dillard, Chem. Phys. Lett., 228, 646-650 (1994).<\/li><li>&#8220;Optimization of Optical Limiting Devices Based on Excited-State Absorption&#8221;, T. Xia, D. Hagan, A. Dogariu, A. Said and E. Van Stryland, Applied Optics, 36, 4110-4122 (1997).<\/li><li>&#8220;Thermal Nonlinear Refraction in the Dye Solutions: a Study of the Transient Regime&#8221;, P. Brochard and V. Groilier-Mazza, R. Cabanel, JOSA B, Vol. 14, No. 2, 405-414 (1997) (and references)<\/li><li>&#8220;Simple spectral Method for solving Propagation Problems in Cylindrical Geometry with Fast Fourier Transforms&#8221;, M. D. Feit, J. A. Fleck, Jr., Optics Letters, Vol. 14, No. 13, 652-654 (1989)<\/li><li>&#8220;Recursive Numerical Solution for Nonlinear wave Propagation In Fibers and Cylindrical Symmetric Systems&#8221;, S. T. Hendow and S. A. Shakir, Applied Optics, Vol. 25, No. 11, 1759-1764 (1986)<\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">NLO Sample Database<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3626\"><form id=\"aspnetForm\" action=\"https:\/\/nlo.creol.ucf.edu\/Research.aspx\" method=\"post\" name=\"aspnetForm\"><div class=\"Body\"><div id=\"ctl00_BodyContentPlaceHolder_Accordion1\" class=\"Accordion\"><div><div id=\"ctl00_BodyContentPlaceHolder_Pane7_content\" class=\"AccordionContent\">Download the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nlo.creol.ucf.edu\/images\/NLO_Sample_Database.zip\">NLO Sample Database<\/a>\u00a0(Microsoft Access format). Requires a password.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/form><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"NLO Research White-light continuum Z-scan We have developed a new technique for the rapid measurement of the degenerate nonlinear absorption spectrum and the dispersion of the nonlinear refraction. We refer to this method as a white-light continuum (WLC) Z-scan [1]. In this method, a high energy, broadband femtosecond WLC generated from loosely focusing into a&hellip;","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1262","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1262","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/83"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1262"}],"version-history":[{"count":44,"href":"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1262\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2071,"href":"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1262\/revisions\/2071"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/creol.ucf.edu\/nlo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1262"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}